Tim Friehe, Eric Langlais and Elisabeth Schulte

This paper analyzes liability rules when consumers and third parties/the environment incur harm. Expected harm is convex in the level of output and modeled as a power function. We show that the social ranking of liability rules previously established for the case in which only consumers suffer harm (strict liability dominates no liability and negligence) may be reversed if harm to third parties or the environment is sufficiently important.

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